UAS 24-25 FAD1018 Basic Chemistry II

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UNIVERSITI MALAYA
UNIVERSITI MALAYA

PEPERIKSAAN ASASI SAINS HAYAT / FIZIKAL
EXAMINATION FOR FOUNDATION IN LIFE / PHYSICAL SCIENCES

SESI AKADEMIK 2024/2025 : SEMESTER 2
ACADEMIC SESSION 2024/2025 : SEMESTER 2

FAD 1018 : Kimia Asas 2
Basic Chemistry 2

Mei/Jun 2025 Masa : 3 jam
May/June 2025 Time : 3 hours

ARAHAN KEPADA CALON :
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES :

Kertas ini terbahagi kepada DUA BAHAGIAN.
This paper consists of TWO SECTIONS.

BAHAGIAN A: Jawab SEMUA soalan.
SECTION A: Answer ALL questions.

BAHAGIAN B: Pilih dan jawab ENAM (6) soalan sahaja.
SECTION B: Choose and answer SIX (6) questions only.

(Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 18 soalan dalam 17 halaman yang dicetak)
(This question paper consists of 18 questions on 17 printed pages)

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FAD 1018

JISIM ATOM RELATIF UNSUR-UNSUR TERPILIH
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS

Nama Name	Simbol Symbol	No. Atom Atomic No.	J.A.R R.A.M
Aluminum	Al	13	26.982
Antimony	Sb	51	121.76
Argon	Ar	18	39.958
Arsenic	As	33	74.922
Astatine	At	85	[210]
Barium	Ba	56	137.33
Beryllium	Be	4	9.0122
Bismuth	Bi	83	208.98
Boron	B	5	10.81
Bromine	Br	35	79.904
Cadmium	Cd	48	112.41
Calcium	Ca	20	40.078
Carbon	C	6	12.011
Cesium	Cs	55	132.91
Chlorine	Cl	17	35.45
Chromium	Cr	24	51.996
Cobalt	Co	27	58.933
Copper	Cu	29	63.546
Fluorine	F	9	18.998
Francium	Fr	87	[223]
Gallium	Ga	31	69.723
Germanium	Ge	32	72.63
Gold	Au	79	196.97
Hafnium	Hf	72	178.49
Helium	He	2	4.0026
Hydrogen	H	1	1.0080
Indium	In	49	114.8
Iodine	I	53	126.904
Iridium	Ir	77	192.22
Iron	Fe	26	55.845
Krypton	Kr	36	83.798
Lead	Pb	82	207.2
Lithium	Li	3	6.94
Magnesium	Mg	12	24.305
Manganese	Mn	25	54.938
Mercury	Hg	80	200.59
Molybdenum	Mo	42	95.95

Nama Name	Simbol Symbol	No. Atom Atomic No.	J.A.R R.A.M
Neon	Ne	10	20.180
Nickel	Ni	28	58.693
Niobium	Nb	41	92.906
Nitrogen	N	7	14.007
Osmium	Os	76	190.23
Oxygen	O	8	15.999
Palladium	Pd	46	106.42
Phosphorus	P	15	30.974
Platinum	Pt	78	195.08
Polonium	Po	84	[209]
Potassium	K	19	39.098
Radium	Ra	88	[226]
Radon	Rn	86	[222]
Rhenium	Re	75	186.21
Rhodium	Rh	45	102.91
Rubidium	Rb	37	85.468
Ruthenium	Ru	44	101.07
Scandium	Sc	21	44.956
Selenium	Se	34	78.971
Silicon	Si	14	28.085
Silver	Ag	47	107.87
Sodium	Na	11	22.990
Strontium	Sr	38	87.62
Sulfur	S	16	32.06
Tantalum	Ta	73	180.95
Technetium	Tc	43	[97]
Tellurium	Te	52	127.60
Thallium	Tl	81	204.38
Tin	Sn	50	118.71
Titanium	Ti	22	47.867
Tungsten	W	74	183.84
Vanadium	V	23	50.942
Xenon	Xe	54	131.29
Yttrium	Y	39	88.906
Zinc	Zn	30	65.38
Zirconium	Zr	40	91.224

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SENARAI NILAI PEMALAR TERPILIH LIST OF SELECTED CONSTANT VALUES

Pemalar pengionan bagi air pada 25 °C
Ionisation constant for water at 25 °C $$K_w = 1.00 \times 10^{-14} \text{ mol}^2 \text{ dm}^{-6}$$

Isipadu molar gas
Molar volume of gases $$V_m = 22.4 \text{ dm}^3 \text{ mol}^{-1} \text{ at STP}$$ $$\qquad = 24.0 \text{ dm}^3 \text{ mol}^{-1} \text{ at RTP}$$

Muatan haba tentu air
Specific heat of water $$c_{(P,T)} = 4.18 \text{ J g}^{-1} \text{ K}^{-1}$$

Pemalar Avagadro
Avogadro constant $$N_A = 6.02 \times 10^{23} \text{ mol}^{-1}$$

Pemalar Faraday
Faraday constant $$F = 9.65 \times 10^{4} \text{ C mol}^{-1}$$

Pemalar Planck
Planck constant $$h = 6.6256 \times 10^{-34} \text{ J s}$$

Pemalar Rydberg
Rydberg constant $$R_\infty = 1.097 \times 10^{7} \text{ m}^{-1}$$

Unit tenaga Rydberg
Rydberg unit of energy $$Ry = 2.18 \times 10^{-18} \text{ J}$$

Pemalar gas molar
Molar gas constant $$R = 8.314 \text{ J K}^{-1} \text{ mol}^{-1}$$ $$\qquad = 0.08206 \text{ L atm mol}^{-1} \text{ K}^{-1}$$

Ketumpatan air
Density of water $$\rho = 1 \text{ g cm}^{-3}$$

Takat lebur air
Melting point of water $$T_{m \text{ water}} = 0.00 \text{ }^\circ\text{C}$$

Tekanan wap air pada 25 °C
Vapour pressure of water at 25 °C $$P_{\text{water}} = 23.8 \text{ torr}$$

UNIT DAN FAKTOR PERTUKARAN UNIT AND CONVERSION FACTOR

Isipadu
Volume $$1 \text{ liter} = 1 \text{ dm}^3$$ $$1 \text{ mL} = 1 \text{ cm}^3$$

Tenaga
Energy $$1 \text{ J} = 1 \text{ kg m}^2 \text{ s}^{-2} = 1 \text{ N m} = 10^7 \text{ erg}$$ $$1 \text{ cal} = 4.184 \text{ J}$$ $$1 \text{ eV} = 1.602 \times 10^{-19} \text{ J}$$

Tekanan
Pressure $$1 \text{ atm} = 760 \text{ mm Hg} = 760 \text{ torr} = 101.325 \text{ kPa} = 101325 \text{ N m}^{-2}$$

Lain-lain
Others $$1 \text{ Faraday (F)} = 96500 \text{ coulomb}$$ $$1 \text{ Newton (N)} = 1 \text{ kg m s}^{-2}$$

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Bahagian A [40 markah] SECTION A [40 marks]

Jawab SEMUA soalan Answer ALL questions

Berdasarkan formula C$5$H${12}$O, lukis formula struktur bagi:
(i) alkohol primer.
(ii) alkohol sekunder.
Nyatakan reagen yang boleh digunakan untuk membezakan alkohol-alkohol di atas dan nyatakan pemerhatian yang dijangkakan.

From the formula of C$5$H${12}$O, draw the structural formula of a;
(i) primary alcohol.
(ii) secondary alcohol.
State a reagent that can be used to differentiate the above alcohol and state the expected observations.
(4 markah/marks)

Butana-2,3-dion ialah sebatian kimia yang berperanan terhadap rasa seperti mentega dalam makanan.
(i) Tulis formula struktur untuk butana-2,3-dion.
(ii) Cadangkan satu ujian kimia untuk menunjukkan butana-2,3-dion adalah sebatian karbonil.
(iii) Tulis persamaan tindak balas dan pemerhatian bagi ujian di atas.

Butane-2,3-dione is a chemical compound which is responsible for the characteristic buttery flavour in foods.
(i) Write a structural formula for butane-2,3-dione.
(ii) Suggest one chemical test to show butane-2,3-dione is a carbonyl compound.
(iii) Write a chemical equation and observation for the chemical test above.
(4 markah/marks)

Lengkapkan pernyataan mengenai asid karboksilik berikut dengan istilah yang paling sesuai. Anda tidak perlu menyalin semula keseluruhan ayat.
(i) Asid karboksilik yang bersaiz kecil adalah cecair tidak berwarna pada suhu bilik dan menjadi pepejal apabila bilangan atom karbon meningkat disebabkan lebih banyak interaksi antara molekul, khususnya $\underline{\hspace{2cm}}$.
(ii) Asid karboksilik mempunyai takat didih yang lebih tinggi berbanding alkohol dengan jisim molekul yang setara disebabkan kecenderungan molekulnya untuk membentuk $\underline{\hspace{2cm}}$ melalui ikatan hidrogen.
(iii) Asid karboksilik sehingga empat atom karbon sahaja yang larut sepenuhnya dalam air kerana kesan $\underline{\hspace{2cm}}$ yang semakin dominan dengan pertambahan saiz molekul.
(iv) Kedua-dua fenol dan asid benzoik merupakan sebatian aromatik yang mempunyai sifat berasid, tetapi $\underline{\hspace{2cm}}$ mempunyai nilai p$K_a$ yang lebih tinggi.

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FAD 1018

Complete the following statements about carboxylic acid with the most appropriate terms. You do not have to rewrite the whole sentences.

(i) Small carboxylic acids are colourless liquids at room temperature and become solid as the number of carbon atoms increases due to more intermolecular interactions, specifically ________.

(ii) Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alcohols of comparable molecular mass due to their tendency to form ________ through hydrogen bonding.

(iii) Carboxylic acids are only completely soluble in water up to four carbon atoms due to the increasing dominance of the __________ effect with increasing molecular size.

(iv) Both phenol and benzoic acid are aromatic compounds with acidic properties, but ________ has a higher $pK_a$ value.

(4 markah/marks)

4. Dua asid amino, serina dan lisina, dianalisis menggunakan elektroforesis.

(i) Hitung titik isoelektrik (pI) bagi setiap asid amino menggunakan nilai $\text{p}K_\text{a}$ berikut:

[boxed list] • Serina: $\text{p}K_{\text{a}1}$ = 2.21 (karboksil), $\text{p}K{\text{a}2}$ = 9.15 (amino) • Lisina: $\text{p}K{\text{a}1}$ = 2.18 (karboksil), $\text{p}K{\text{a}2}$ = 8.95 (amino), $\text{p}K{\text{a}_3}$ = 10.53 (rantai sisi) [/boxed list]

(ii) Berdasarkan nilai pI yang telah dihitung, tentukan cas bersih bagi setiap asid amino pada pH 7.0 dan ramalkan arah pergerakan semasa elektroforesis.

Two amino acids, serine and lysine, are being analysed using electrophoresis.

(i) Calculate the isoelectric point (pI) for each amino acid using the given $pK_a$ values:

[boxed list] • Serine: $pK_{a_1}$ = 2.21 (carboxyl), $pK_{a_2}$ = 9.15 (amino) • Lysine: $pK_{a_1}$ = 2.18 (carboxyl), $pK_{a_2}$ = 8.95 (amino), $pK_{a_3}$ = 10.53 (side chain) [/boxed list]

(ii) Based on your calculated pI values, determine the net charge of each amino acid at pH 7.0 and predict the direction of migration during electrophoresis

(4 markah/marks)

5. Apakah terma atau prinsip yang berkaitan dengan pernyataan berikut?

(i) Skala logaritma negatif yang mengukur kepekatan ion hidrogen dalam suatu larutan.

(ii) Tindak balas kation atau anion daripada garam, atau kedua-duanya, dengan air untuk menghasilkan larutan berasid atau beralkali.

(iii) Hasil darab kepekatan ion H$^+$ dan OH$^-$ dalam air pada suhu tertentu.

(iv) Penurunan atau pengurangan tahap pengionan asid atau bes lemah dengan penambahan garam yang mengandungi ion sepunya dengan asid atau bes lemah tersebut.

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FAD 1018

What are the terms or principles associated with the following statements?

(i) A negative logarithmic scale that measures the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

(ii) The reaction of cations or anions of a salt, or both, with water to produce acidic or basic solutions.

(iii) The product of H$^+$ and OH$^-$ ion concentrations in water at a given temperature.

(iv) The suppression or reduction of degree of ionization of a weak acid or base by addition of a salt containing an ion common with the weak acid or base.

(4 markah/marks)

6. Tentukan jenis entalpi untuk definisi-definisi berikut.

(i) Haba yang dibebaskan apabila satu mol bahan terbakar sepenuhnya dalam oksigen di bawah keadaan suhu dan tekanan yang ditetapkan.

(ii) Perubahan entalpi apabila satu mol bahan mengalami pemejalwapan pada suhu dan tekanan yang ditetapkan.

(iii) Perubahan haba apabila satu mol sebatian terbentuk daripada unsur-unsurnya pada suhu dan tekanan yang ditetapkan.

(iv) Perubahan entalpi apabila satu mol atom gas terbentuk daripada unsurnya di bawah keadaan suhu dan tekanan yang ditetapkan.

State the type of enthalpy for the following definitions.

(i) Heat released when one mole of a substance is completely combusted in oxygen under the stated conditions of temperature and pressure.

(ii) Enthalpy change when one mole of substance sublimes at a specified temperature and pressure.

(iii) Heat change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements at the stated temperature and pressure.

(iv) Enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is formed from its element under stated conditions of temperature and pressure.

(4 markah/marks)

7. Entalpi pembentukan piawai bagi tindak balas berikut diberikan:

$$2\text{C(p)} + \tfrac{5}{2},\text{H}_2\text{(g)} + \tfrac{1}{2},\text{N}_2\text{(g)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow \text{NH}_2\text{CH}2\text{COOH(p)} \quad \Delta\text{r}H^\circ = -532.90\ \text{kJ mol}^{-1}$$

$$\text{C(p)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow \text{CO}2\text{(g)} \quad \Delta\text{r}H^\circ = -393.51\ \text{kJ mol}^{-1}$$

$$\text{H}_2\text{(g)} + \tfrac{1}{2},\text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow \text{H}2\text{O(c)} \quad \Delta\text{r}H^\circ = -285.83\ \text{kJ mol}^{-1}$$

Menggunakan Hukum Hess, tentukan entalpi pembakaran piawai, $\Delta_\text{c}H^\circ$ bagi glisina:

$$\text{NH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{COOH(s)} + \tfrac{9}{4},\text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow 2\text{CO}_2\text{(g)} + \tfrac{5}{2},\text{H}_2\text{O(l)} + \tfrac{1}{2},\text{N}_2\text{(g)}$$

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FAD 1018

The standard enthalpies of formation for the following reactions are given:

$$2C(s) + \frac{5}{2}H_2(g) + \frac{1}{2}N_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightarrow NH_2CH_2COOH(s) \quad \Delta_f H^\circ = -532.90 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$$

$$C(s) + O_2(g) \rightarrow CO_2(g) \quad \Delta_f H^\circ = -393.51 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$$

$$H_2(g) + \frac{1}{2}O_2(g) \rightarrow H_2O(l) \quad \Delta_f H^\circ = -285.83 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$$

Using Hess' Law, determine the standard enthalpy of combustion, $\Delta_c H^\circ$ for glycine:

$$NH_2CH_2COOH(s) + \frac{9}{4}O_2(g) \rightarrow 2CO_2(g) + \frac{5}{2}H_2O(l) + \frac{1}{2}N_2(g)$$

(4 markah/marks)

Penguraian nitrogen dioksida, $NO_2$ kepada nitrik oksida, $NO$ dan gas oksigen, $O_2$ berlaku mengikut persamaan berikut:

$$2NO_2(g) \rightarrow 2NO(g) + O_2(g)$$

Satu eksperimen dijalankan di mana kepekatan awal $NO_2$ ialah $1.00 \text{ M}$. Jika pemalar kadar, $k$ bagi tindak balas ini ialah $0.00462 \text{ s}^{-1}$, hitung; (i) masa yang diperlukan untuk kepekatan $NO_2$ menurun daripada $1.00 \text{ M}$ kepada $0.125 \text{ M}$. (ii) separuh hayat bagi tindak balas ini.

Decomposition of nitrogen dioxide, $NO_2$, to nitric oxide, $NO$ and oxygen gas, $O_2$ follows the equation below:

$$2NO_2(g) \rightarrow 2NO(g) + O_2(g)$$

An experiment is conducted where the initial concentration of $NO_2$ is $1.00 \text{ M}$. If the rate constant, $k$ for this reaction is found to be $0.00462 \text{ s}^{-1}$, calculate; (i) the time needed for the concentration of $NO_2$ to decrease from $1.00 \text{ M}$ to $0.125 \text{ M}$. (ii) the half-life of this reaction.

(4 markah/marks)

Takrifkan istilah-istilah berikut. (i) Keupayaan elektrod piawai (ii) Sel galvani (iii) Anod (iv) Pemalar Faraday

Define the following terms. (i) Standard electrode potential (ii) Galvanic cell (iii) Anode (iv) Faraday constant

(4 markah/marks)

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FAD 1018

Bateri zink-karbon, yang biasa digunakan dalam peranti rumah, melibatkan mangan dioksida, $MnO_2$ sebagai bahan aktif. Diberi, nilai potensi penurunan piawai mangan dioksida adalah $+0.95 \text{ V}$ dan potensi $Zn^{2+}/Zn$ adalah $-0.76 \text{ V}$. Tulis persamaan separa tindak balas yang berlaku di anod dan hitung potensi sel piawai bagi bateri ini.

Zinc-carbon battery, commonly used in household devices, involves manganese dioxide, $MnO_2$ as the active material. Given, the standard reduction potentials value of manganese dioxide is $+0.95 \text{ V}$ and that of $Zn^{2+}/Zn$ is $-0.76 \text{ V}$. Write the half reaction equation that occurs at the anode and calculate the standard cell potential of this battery.

(4 markah/marks)

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FAD 1018

Takat didih untuk dietilbenzena tulen = 184 °C Takat didih untuk 2-metilfenol tulen = 191 °C Takat didih untuk azeotrop = 180 °C Komposisi azeotrop: $X_{\text{dietilbenzena}}$ = 0.73 dan $X_{\text{2-metilfenol}}$ = 0.27

(iii) Lukis anak panah pada gambar rajah anda di (ii) untuk menunjukkan proses pengewapan-kondensasi bagi larutan dengan komposisi $X_{\text{2-metilfenol}}$ = 0.85.

(iv) Pada akhir proses penyulingan berperingkat di (ii), nyatakan larutan yang akan dikumpulkan dalam kelalang penerimaan dan kekal dalam kelalang penyulingan.

(v) Terangkan secara ringkas sama ada kedua-dua komponen individu campuran daripada (ii) boleh diasingkan sepenuhnya selepas satu proses penyulingan berperingkat yang lengkap.

Phenol, 2-methylphenol and phenylmethanol are precursors to the synthesis of many other organic compounds. Their structures are as shown below:

[Diagram: Three benzene-ring structures side by side. First: phenol — benzene ring with —OH attached directly to ring. Second: 2-methylphenol — benzene ring with —OH and —CH₃ on adjacent carbons. Third: phenylmethanol — benzene ring with —CH₂OH attached.]

(i) Predict and arrange the trend of acid strength for these hydroxy compounds. Explain.

(ii) A sample was found to contain a mixture of 2-methylphenol and diethylbenzene. Sketch and label a boiling-point composition phase diagram for a two-component system using the following data.

Boiling point for pure diethylbenzene = 184 °C Boiling point for pure 2-methylphenol = 191 °C Boiling point for azeotrope = 180 °C Azeotrope composition: $X_{\text{diethylbenzene}}$ = 0.73 and $X_{\text{2-methylphenol}}$ = 0.27

(iii) Draw arrows on your diagram in (ii) to show the vaporization-condensation process for a solution with the composition of $X_{\text{2-methylphenol}}$ = 0.85.

(iv) At the end of the fractional distillation process in (ii), state the solution which will be collected in the receiving flask and remain in the distilling flask.

(v) Briefly explain whether both the individual components of this mixture from (ii) can be totally separated after one complete fractional distillation process.

(15 markah/marks)

11/17

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FAD 1018

Sebatian A dikenali sebagai stilbena, digunakan sebagai salah satu medium laser aktif dalam laser pewarna.

[Diagram: Reaction scheme. Left side shows Sebatian A — structure of trans-stilbene (two benzene rings connected by a C=C double bond). Arrow from A labeled "reagen w" points right to Sebatian B. Upper branch: Sebatian D has a downward arrow labeled "NaOH" to Sebatian C; Sebatian C has a downward arrow labeled "reagen x" to Sebatian B. Sebatian D also has a downward-right arrow labeled "Mg, eter kering" to Sebatian E. Sebatian B and Sebatian E are joined by a bracket with an arrow downward labeled "H₂O, H⁺" leading to Sebatian F. Sebatian F has a leftward arrow labeled "H₂SO₄ pekat" with "Δ" below it, pointing back to Sebatian A.]

Ozonolisis sederhana sebatian A menghasilkan sebatian B. Pengoksidaan sederhana sebatian C juga boleh menghasilkan sebatian B. Sebatian D ialah prekursor bromoalkana yang digunakan dalam sintesis Grignard yang akhirnya menghasilkan sebatian A.

(i) Lukis struktur bagi sebatian B hingga F.

(ii) Apakah reagen yang terlibat dalam w dan x untuk menghasilkan sebatian B?

(iii) Ujian Tollen telah dijalankan ke atas sebatian B, dan memberikan keputusan positif. Apakah kelas sebatian B? Tulis persamaan kimia yang berlaku dan huraikan pemerhatian visual daripada ujian kimia ini.

(iv) Ramal dan bandingkan takat didih antara sebatian B dan C. Terangkan.

(v) Tulis persamaan kimia apabila sebatian B bertindak balas dengan HCN diikuti dengan hidrolisis.

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FAD 1018

Compound A is known as stilbene, has been used as one of the active laser mediums in dye lasers.

[Reaction scheme:]

Left: Compound A — structure of trans-stilbene (two phenyl groups connected by C=C double bond)
Arrow labeled "reagents w" points from Compound A to Compound B
Top pathway:
- Compound D → [NaOH] → Compound C → [reagent x] → Compound B
- Compound D → [Mg, dry ether] → Compound E
- Compound B + Compound E → [H₂O, H⁺] → Compound F
Arrow labeled "concentrated H₂SO₄" with "Δ" below it points from Compound F back to Compound A

Mild ozonolysis of compound A yields compound B. Mild oxidation of compound C can also yield compound B. Compound D is a bromoalkane precursor used in a Grignard synthesis to eventually yield compound A.

(i) Draw the structures for compounds B until F. (ii) What are the reagents involved in w and x to produce compound B? (iii) Tollen's test was performed on compound B, with positive results. What is the class of compound B? Write the chemical equation that occurred and describe the visual observation from this chemical test. (iv) Predict and compare the boiling point of compound B and C. Explain. (v) Write a chemical equation when compound B reacts with HCN followed by hydrolysis.

(15 markah/marks)

Pentan-2-ol merupakan sebatian aktif optik yang terdapat dalam dua bentuk stereoisomer. Struktur 3D bagi salah satu stereoisomer ini ditunjukkan di bawah:

[Wedge-dash structure of pentan-2-ol:] H | HO—C—*CH₂CH₂CH₃ | CH₃ (The bond from C to H is a wedge (solid triangle) coming out toward viewer; the bond from C to HO is a dash (hashed wedge) going away; the bond to CH₂CH₂CH₃ is in the plane; the bond to CH₃ is in the plane. The asterisk indicates chiral center.)

Salah satu isomer pentan-2-ol ialah alkohol G, yang juga merupakan sebatian aktif optik. Pengoksidaan alkohol G menggunakan agen pengoksidaan sederhana menghasilkan aldehid H, yang boleh mengalami pengoksidaan selanjutnya kepada asid karboksilik I menggunakan bahan uji y. Apabila asid karboksilik I bertindak balas dengan metanol, ia membentuk sebatian J, yang merupakan terbitan asid karboksilik.

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FAD 1018

Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan:

(i) Tukar perwakilan 3D pentan-2-ol yang diberikan di atas kepada unjuran Fischer. (ii) Lukis formula struktur bagi alkohol G, aldehid H, asid karboksilik I, dan sebatian J. (iii) Berikan nama IUPAC bagi asid karboksilik I. (iv) Lukis dua stereoisomer bagi asid karboksilik I dalam bentuk unjuran Fischer dan nyatakan hubungannya. (v) Apakah nama bagi campuran jika kedua-dua stereoisomer dalam (iv) hadir dalam kuantiti yang sama? (vi) Kenal pasti bahan uji y. (vii) Cadangkan set bahan uji untuk menukarkan asid karboksilik I kembali membentuk alkohol G. (viii) Nyatakan siri homolog bagi sebatian J dan berikan satu pemerhatian unik yang mengesahkan pembentukan sebatian ini.

Pentan-2-ol is an optically active compound that exists as two stereoisomers. The 3D structure of one of these stereoisomers is shown below:

One of the isomers of pentan-2-ol is alcohol G, which is also an optically active compound. Oxidation of alcohol G by mild oxidising agent produces aldehyde H, which can undergo further oxidation to carboxylic acid I using reagent y. When carboxylic acid I reacts with methanol, it forms compound J, which is a carboxylic acid derivative.

Based on the given information:

(i) Convert the given 3D representation of pentan-2-ol above into a Fischer projection. (ii) Draw the structural formulae of alcohol G, aldehyde H, carboxylic acid I, and compound J. (iii) Give the IUPAC name of carboxylic acid I. (iv) Draw the two stereoisomers of carboxylic acid I in Fischer projection and state their relationship. (v) What is the name of the mixture if both stereoisomers in (iv) are present in equal amounts? (vi) Identify reagents y. (vii) Suggest the set of reagents to convert carboxylic acid I back to alcohol G. (viii) State the homologous series of compound J and give a unique observation that confirms the formation of this compound.

(15 markah/marks)

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FAD 1018

Electrolysis is a fundamental process in various industries, including metal extraction and the production of gases like hydrogen and oxygen. Explain the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, NaCl and an aqueous solution of sodium sulfate, Na$_2$SO$_4$ using inert electrodes by providing the half-cell equations, overall equations, and the products formed at the anode and cathode for each electrolyte. Calculate the mass of sodium metal produced if a current of 5 A is passed for 30 minutes during electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.

(15 markah/marks)

TAMAT END

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