[!caution] SUPERSEDED This page has been merged into FAD1022 Final Exam Scope — Complete Guide (2026-05-04) along with new exam-tip data. Kept for reference; do not use as primary revision source.
FAD1022: BASIC PHYSICS II — Exam Focus: Leak Topics
Source: Student tips PDF ("PHY tipzz_202604291208_03740.pdf") — synthesised topics likely to appear in the final exam.
Strategy: Master these 8 topic areas + Section A foundations. Do #Past Year Questions (Buat Past Years) — the leak explicitly says "Buat past years" and "study from this".
Revision Checklist
| # | Topic | Status (⬜/🔄/✅) | Priority |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | #1. Electrostatics — Vector Approach & Projectile Motion | ⬜ | HIGH |
| 2 | #2. Capacitors & DC Circuits | ⬜ | HIGH |
| 3 | #3. AC Analysis — Phase Diagrams & Power Types | ⬜ | HIGH |
| 4 | #4. RLC Circuits & Resonance | ⬜ | HIGH |
| 5 | #5. Magnetism — Lorentz Force & Motion in B-Field | ⬜ | HIGH |
| 6 | #6. Transistors & Biasing | ⬜ | HIGH |
| 7 | #7. Photoelectric Effect (Section B) | ⬜ | HIGH |
| 8 | #8. Nuclear Physics | ⬜ | MEDIUM |
| 9 | #Section A Topics — Quick Fire | ⬜ | HIGH |
| 10 | #Past Year Questions (Buat Past Years) | ⬜ | CRITICAL |
Tip: Tick off each section as you revise. Revisit any topic you can't explain without notes.
1. Electrostatics — Vector Approach & Projectile Motion
Leak keywords: Vector approach, motion of projectile in electric field
Core Formulas
| Quantity | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Coulomb's Law (magnitude) | $$F = \frac{kQq}{r^{2}}$$ | $k = 9.0 \times 10^{9}\ \text{N m}^{2}\text{C}^{-2}$ |
| Coulomb's Law (vector form) | $$\vec{F}{12} = \frac{kq_1q_2}{r^{2}}\hat{r}{12}$$ | $\hat{r}_{12}$ points from source to test charge |
| Electric Field (point charge) | $$\vec{E} = \frac{kQ}{r^{2}}\hat{r}$$ | Radially outward for $+Q$ |
| Superposition (vector sum) | $$\vec{E}{\text{net}} = \sum{i} \vec{E}_{i}$$ | Resolve $x$, $y$ components |
| Force on charge in field | $$\vec{F} = q\vec{E}$$ | Direction: same as $\vec{E}$ for $+q$, opposite for $-q$ |
| Neutral Point | $$\vec{E}_{\text{net}} = 0$$ | Between two like charges, closer to smaller charge |
Motion of a Projectile in a Uniform Electric Field
A charged particle entering perpendicular to a uniform $\vec{E}$-field follows a parabolic trajectory (analogous to gravity projectile motion).
| Quantity | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Vertical acceleration | $$a_{y} = \frac{qE}{m}$$ | $q$ = charge of particle, $E$ = field strength |
| Horizontal velocity (constant) | $$v_{x} = v_{0}$$ | No horizontal force |
| Time to traverse plates | $$t = \frac{x}{v_{0}}$$ | $x$ = plate length |
| Vertical velocity on exit | $$v_{y} = a_{y}t = \frac{qEx}{mv_{0}}$$ | |
| Resultant velocity | $$v = \sqrt{v_{x}^{2} + v_{y}^{2}}$$ | |
| Deflection angle | $$\theta = \tan^{-1}!\left(\frac{v_{y}}{v_{x}}\right)$$ | |
| Vertical displacement | $$s_{y} = -\frac{1}{2}a_{y}t^{2}$$ | Sign depends on charge sign |
| Dynamic equilibrium | $$qE = mg$$ | Charge suspended/balanced |
Likely problem type: Given $v_0$, $E$, $m$, $q$, plate dimensions — find deflection, exit velocity, angle, or whether particle hits a plate.
Key Insight: Vector Approach
- Always draw the coordinate system.
- Resolve all $\vec{E}$ contributions into $x$ and $y$ components.
- For projectile motion: horizontal motion is uniform ($a_x = 0$), vertical motion is accelerated ($a_y = qE/m$).
2. Capacitors & DC Circuits
Leak keywords: Capacitance, dielectric, DC circuits
Capacitance Basics
| Quantity | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Capacitance (definition) | $$C = \frac{Q}{\Delta V}$$ | Unit: farad (F) |
| Parallel-plate (vacuum) | $$C_{0} = \frac{\varepsilon_{0}A}{d}$$ | $\varepsilon_{0} = 8.85 \times 10^{-12}\ \text{F/m}$ |
| With dielectric | $$C = \kappa C_{0} = \kappa\frac{\varepsilon_{0}A}{d}$$ | $\kappa$ = dielectric constant |
| Electric field between plates | $$E = \frac{\Delta V}{d} = \frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon_{0}}$$ | $\sigma = Q/A$ |
| Energy stored | $$U = \frac{1}{2}CV^{2} = \frac{Q^{2}}{2C} = \frac{1}{2}QV$$ | Three equivalent forms |
Dielectric Effects
| Condition | Charge $Q$ | Voltage $\Delta V$ | Capacitance $C$ | Field $E$ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battery connected ($V$ constant) | Increases $\times \kappa$ | Constant | Increases $\times \kappa$ | Constant |
| Isolated ($Q$ constant) | Constant | Decreases $\div \kappa$ | Increases $\times \kappa$ | Decreases $\div \kappa$ |
Series & Parallel Capacitors
| Configuration | Equivalent Capacitance | Key Property |
|---|---|---|
| Series | $$\frac{1}{C_{\text{eq}}} = \frac{1}{C_{1}} + \frac{1}{C_{2}} + \dots$$ | Same charge $Q$ on each |
| Parallel | $$C_{\text{eq}} = C_{1} + C_{2} + \dots$$ | Same voltage $V$ across each |
RC Circuits (DC Transient)
| Quantity | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Time constant | $$\tau = RC$$ | Unit: seconds |
| Charging: charge | $$q(t) = Q_{0}(1 - e^{-t/\tau})$$ | $Q_{0} = CV_{\text{max}}$ |
| Charging: current | $$i(t) = \frac{V_{0}}{R}e^{-t/\tau}$$ | |
| Discharging: charge | $$q(t) = Q_{0}e^{-t/\tau}$$ | |
| Discharging: current | $$i(t) = -\frac{V_{0}}{R}e^{-t/\tau}$$ | Negative = opposite direction |
After 1$\tau$: 63% charged / 37% remaining
After 5$\tau$: ≈ 99% charged / < 1% remaining (practically steady state)
DC Circuit Analysis (for Section A)
- Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): Sum of voltages around any closed loop = 0
- Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): Sum of currents entering any node = sum leaving
- Series resistors: $R_{\text{eq}} = R_{1} + R_{2} + \dots$
- Parallel resistors: $\frac{1}{R_{\text{eq}}} = \frac{1}{R_{1}} + \frac{1}{R_{2}} + \dots$
3. AC Analysis — Phase Diagrams & Power Types
Leak keywords: Phase diagrams, degrees, power types (P_e, P_LC, P_CC)
AC Signal Fundamentals
| Quantity | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Instantaneous voltage | $$V(t) = V_{0}\sin(\omega t + \phi)$$ | |
| Angular frequency | $$\omega = 2\pi f = \frac{2\pi}{T}$$ | rad/s |
| RMS voltage | $$V_{\text{rms}} = \frac{V_{0}}{\sqrt{2}}$$ | $V_{0}$ = peak voltage |
| RMS current | $$I_{\text{rms}} = \frac{I_{0}}{\sqrt{2}}$$ | $I_{0}$ = peak current |
| Impedance | $$Z = \frac{V_{\text{rms}}}{I_{\text{rms}}}$$ | Unit: $\Omega$ |
Phase Relationships & CIVIL Mnemonic
| Circuit | Phase Difference | Lead/Lag | Phase Angle $\phi$ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pure Resistive (PRC) | $0°$ | In phase | $\phi = 0°$ |
| Pure Inductive (PLC) | $90°$ | Voltage leads current | $\phi = +90°$ |
| Pure Capacitive (PCC) | $90°$ | Current leads voltage | $\phi = -90°$ |
CIVIL: In a Capacitor, I leads V; In an Inductor, V leads I — or "I before V is C before L" alphabetically.
Power Types (Directly from Leak: P_e, P_LC, P_CC)
The leak mentions P_e, P_LC, P_CC — these refer to the three power types in AC circuits:
| Power Type | Symbol | Formula | Unit | Dissipated by | Phase Relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average / Real Power | $P_{e}$ (or $P_{\text{ave}}$) | $$P_{e} = V_{\text{rms}}I_{\text{rms}}\cos\phi = I_{\text{rms}}^{2}R$$ | W | Resistor only | $\cos\phi$ component |
| Reactive Power (Inductive) | $P_{\text{LC}}$ (or $P_{R}$, $Q_{L}$) | $$P_{\text{LC}} = V_{\text{rms}}I_{\text{rms}}\sin\phi = I_{\text{rms}}^{2}X_{L}$$ | VAr (VAR) | Inductor ($L$) | $\sin\phi$, $\phi > 0$ |
| Reactive Power (Capacitive) | $P_{\text{CC}}$ (or $P_{R}$, $Q_{C}$) | $$P_{\text{CC}} = V_{\text{rms}}I_{\text{rms}}\sin\phi = I_{\text{rms}}^{2}X_{C}$$ | VAr (VAR) | Capacitor ($C$) | $\sin\phi$, $\phi < 0$ |
| Apparent Power | $P_{A}$ (or $S$) | $$P_{A} = V_{\text{rms}}I_{\text{rms}} = I_{\text{rms}}^{2}Z$$ | VA | Impedance $Z$ | Total |
Power Triangle
$$ P_{A}^{2} = P_{e}^{2} + (P_{\text{LC}} - P_{\text{CC}})^{2} $$
$$ P_{A} = \sqrt{P_{e}^{2} + P_{R}^{2}} $$
Where $P_{R} = |P_{\text{LC}} - P_{\text{CC}}|$ is the net reactive power.
Power in Specific Circuits
| Circuit | $P_{e}$ (Real) | $P_{\text{LC}}$ (Inductive Reactive) | $P_{\text{CC}}$ (Capacitive Reactive) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PRC | $V_{\text{rms}}I_{\text{rms}}$ | $0$ | $0$ |
| PLC | $0$ | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}X_{L}$ | $0$ |
| PCC | $0$ | $0$ | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}X_{C}$ |
| RL | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}R$ | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}X_{L}$ | $0$ |
| RC | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}R$ | $0$ | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}X_{C}$ |
| RLC | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}R$ | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}X_{L}$ | $I_{\text{rms}}^{2}X_{C}$ |
Phase Diagrams
- Phasor diagram: Vectors representing $V_R$, $V_L$, $V_C$ rotating at $\omega$.
- $V_L$ points $+90°$ (up), $V_C$ points $-90°$ (down), $V_R$ points $0°$ (right).
- Resultant: $V_T = \sqrt{V_R^{2} + (V_L - V_C)^{2}}$
- Phase angle $\phi$:
- $\phi = \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{V_L - V_C}{V_R}\right)$
- $\phi > 0$: inductive (voltage leads current)
- $\phi < 0$: capacitive (current leads voltage)
- $\phi = 0$: resistive / at resonance
4. RLC Circuits & Resonance
Leak keywords: Resonance condition
Reactances
| Quantity | Formula | Frequency Dependence |
|---|---|---|
| Inductive reactance | $$X_{L} = \omega L = 2\pi f L$$ | $X_{L} \propto f$ (increases with $f$) |
| Capacitive reactance | $$X_{C} = \frac{1}{\omega C} = \frac{1}{2\pi f C}$$ | $X_{C} \propto 1/f$ (decreases with $f$) |
| Net reactance | $$X = X_{L} - X_{C}$$ |
RLC Series Circuit
| Quantity | Formula |
|---|---|
| Impedance | $$Z = \sqrt{R^{2} + (X_{L} - X_{C})^{2}}$$ |
| RMS Current | $$I_{\text{rms}} = \frac{V_{\text{rms}}}{Z}$$ |
| Phase Angle | $$\phi = \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{X_{L} - X_{C}}{R}\right)$$ |
| Power Factor | $$\text{PF} = \cos\phi = \frac{R}{Z} = \frac{P_{e}}{P_{A}}$$ |
Resonance Condition
At resonance: $X_{L} = X_{C}$
$$ \omega_{0}L = \frac{1}{\omega_{0}C} $$
Resonant angular frequency:
$$ \boxed{\omega_{0} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}}} $$
Resonant frequency (Hz):
$$ \boxed{f_{0} = \frac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{LC}}} $$
Properties at Resonance
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Impedance | $Z = R$ (minimum) |
| Current | $I_{\text{rms}} = \dfrac{V_{\text{rms}}}{R}$ (maximum) |
| Phase angle | $\phi = 0°$ |
| Power factor | $\text{PF} = 1$ (unity) |
| Circuit behaves as | Purely resistive |
| Reactive powers | $P_{\text{LC}} = P_{\text{CC}}$ (they cancel) |
| Net reactive power | $P_{R} = 0$ |
Likely problem type: Find $f_0$ given $L$ and $C$; or find $C$ needed for resonance at a given $f$ and $L$; or calculate power factor at/off resonance.
5. Magnetism — Lorentz Force & Motion in B-Field
Leak keywords: Magnetic force, motion of charge in magnetic field
Lorentz Force
Vector form:
$$ \vec{F}_{B} = q\vec{v} \times \vec{B} $$
Magnitude:
$$ \boxed{|F_{B}| = |q|vB\sin\theta} $$
- $\theta$ = angle between $\vec{v}$ and $\vec{B}$
- $F_{\text{max}} = |q|vB$ when $\vec{v} \perp \vec{B}$ ($\theta = 90°$)
- $F = 0$ when $\vec{v} \parallel \vec{B}$ ($\theta = 0°$) or $v = 0$
Motion in a Uniform Magnetic Field
| Condition | Path Type | Key Result |
|---|---|---|
| $v \perp B$ | Circular | $r = \dfrac{mv}{qB}$ |
| $v \parallel B$ | Straight line | No deflection |
| $v$ at angle to $B$ | Helical (spiral) | Combination of circular + linear |
| $v = E/B$ (crossed fields) | Straight line | #Velocity Selector |
Circular motion (centripetal force from $F_B$):
$$ qvB = \frac{mv^{2}}{r} $$
Radius of circular path:
$$ \boxed{r = \frac{mv}{qB}} $$
Period (independent of velocity):
$$ \boxed{T = \frac{2\pi m}{qB}} $$
Cyclotron (angular) frequency:
$$ \boxed{\omega = \frac{qB}{m}} $$
Velocity Selector
Crossed $\vec{E}$ and $\vec{B}$ fields: only particles with $v = E/B$ pass undeflected.
$$ qE = qvB \quad \Rightarrow \quad \boxed{v = \frac{E}{B}} $$
Mass Spectrometer
- Velocity selector: $v = E/B$
- Second magnetic field $B'$: $qvB' = \dfrac{mv^{2}}{r}$
- Mass:
$$ \boxed{m = \frac{qB'r}{v} = \frac{qB'B^{2}r}{E}} $$
If same $B$ in both regions:
$$ m = \frac{qrB^{2}}{E} $$
Direction Rules
| Rule | Use | How |
|---|---|---|
| Right Hand Grip Rule | Field around wire | Thumb = current, fingers = $\vec{B}$ |
| Right Hand Rule | Force on $+q$ | Fingers = $\vec{v}$, curl to $\vec{B}$, thumb = $\vec{F}$ |
| Negative charge | Force on $-q$ | Reverse direction of $+q$ force |
Likely problem type: Find radius $r$ of a proton/electron in a known $B$-field. Find velocity in velocity selector. Calculate mass in mass spectrometer.
6. Transistors & Biasing
Leak keywords: Fixed bias, emitter stabilized bias, $I_E = I_B + I_C$
Fundamental BJT Current Relationships
| Relationship | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| KCL at transistor | $$\boxed{I_{E} = I_{B} + I_{C}}$$ | The leak explicitly mentions this |
| Current gain ($\beta$) | $$\beta = \frac{I_{C}}{I_{B}} \quad \Rightarrow \quad I_{C} = \beta I_{B}$$ | $\beta$ is temperature-dependent |
| Alpha ($\alpha$) | $$\alpha = \frac{I_{C}}{I_{E}}$$ | |
| Emitter current | $$I_{E} = I_{B}(\beta + 1)$$ |
Operating Regions
| Region | $V_{BE}$ | $V_{CE}$ | $I_{C}$ | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cutoff | $< 0.7\ \text{V}$ | $= V_{CC}$ | $\approx 0$ | Open switch |
| Active | $\approx 0.7\ \text{V}$ | $> V_{CE(\text{sat})}$ | $\beta I_{B}$ | Amplifier |
| Saturation | $\approx 0.7\ \text{V}$ | $\approx 0.2\ \text{V}$ | $I_{C(\text{sat})}$ | Closed switch |
1. Fixed-Bias Circuit
| Quantity | Formula |
|---|---|
| Base current | $$I_{B} = \frac{V_{CC} - V_{BE}}{R_{B}}$$ |
| Collector current | $$I_{C} = \beta I_{B}$$ |
| Collector-emitter voltage | $$V_{CE} = V_{CC} - I_{C}R_{C}$$ |
| Saturation current | $$I_{C(\text{sat})} = \frac{V_{CC}}{R_{C}}$$ |
2. Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit
| Quantity | Formula |
|---|---|
| Base current | $$I_{B} = \frac{V_{CC} - V_{BE}}{R_{B} + (\beta + 1)R_{E}}$$ |
| Collector current | $$I_{C} = \beta I_{B}$$ |
| Collector-emitter voltage | $$V_{CE} = V_{CC} - I_{C}(R_{C} + R_{E})$$ |
| Saturation current | $$I_{C(\text{sat})} = \frac{V_{CC}}{R_{C} + R_{E}}$$ |
| Emitter voltage | $$V_{E} = I_{E}R_{E}$$ |
| Collector voltage | $$V_{C} = V_{CC} - I_{C}R_{C}$$ |
| Base voltage | $$V_{B} = V_{BE} + V_{E}$$ |
Comparison: Fixed vs Emitter-Stabilized
| Parameter | Fixed Bias | Emitter-Stabilized |
|---|---|---|
| Stability | Poor (Q-point depends on $\beta$) | Better ($R_E$ provides negative feedback) |
| $I_B$ formula | $\frac{V_{CC} - V_{BE}}{R_B}$ | $\frac{V_{CC} - V_{BE}}{R_B + (\beta+1)R_E}$ |
| $I_{C(\text{sat})}$ | $\frac{V_{CC}}{R_C}$ | $\frac{V_{CC}}{R_C + R_E}$ |
| Number of resistors | 2 ($R_B$, $R_C$) | 3 ($R_B$, $R_C$, $R_E$) |
Likely problem type: Calculate $I_B$, $I_C$, $V_{CE}$ for a given bias circuit. Find the Q-point. Compare stability.
7. Photoelectric Effect (Section B)
Leak keywords: Past year question (likely Section B)
This is flagged as a Section B (long/structured) question — expect a multi-part problem with calculations.
Fundamental Constants
| Constant | Symbol | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Planck's constant | $h$ | $6.63 \times 10^{-34}\ \text{J·s}$ |
| Speed of light | $c$ | $3.00 \times 10^{8}\ \text{m/s}$ |
| Elementary charge | $e$ | $1.60 \times 10^{-19}\ \text{C}$ |
| Electron mass | $m_e$ | $9.11 \times 10^{-31}\ \text{kg}$ |
| Conversion | $1\ \text{eV}$ | $1.60 \times 10^{-19}\ \text{J}$ |
| $hc$ (useful) | $hc$ | $1240\ \text{eV·nm}$ |
Core Equations
| Quantity | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Photon energy | $$E = hf = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$$ | $f$ = frequency, $\lambda$ = wavelength |
| Work function | $$\phi = hf_{0}$$ | $f_{0}$ = threshold frequency |
| Threshold frequency | $$f_{0} = \frac{\phi}{h}$$ | |
| Cutoff wavelength | $$\lambda_{c} = \frac{hc}{\phi}$$ | |
| Einstein's photoelectric eqn | $$\boxed{K_{\text{max}} = hf - \phi}$$ | |
| Using wavelength | $$K_{\text{max}} = \frac{hc}{\lambda} - \phi$$ | |
| Kinetic energy from speed | $$K_{\text{max}} = \frac{1}{2}m_{e}v_{\text{max}}^{2}$$ | |
| Stopping potential | $$\boxed{K_{\text{max}} = eV_{s}}$$ | $V_{s}$ = stopping potential |
| Stopping potential eqn | $$V_{s} = \frac{hf - \phi}{e}$$ |
Emission Conditions
| Condition | Result |
|---|---|
| $hf < \phi$ (or $f < f_0$, or $\lambda > \lambda_c$) | No electrons emitted |
| $hf = \phi$ (or $f = f_0$, or $\lambda = \lambda_c$) | Electrons escape with $K_{\text{max}} = 0$ |
| $hf > \phi$ (or $f > f_0$, or $\lambda < \lambda_c$) | Electrons emitted with $K_{\text{max}} = hf - \phi$ |
Role of Intensity vs Frequency
| Property | Controls | Does NOT affect |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency ($f$) | Whether emission occurs + $K_{\text{max}}$ | Number of electrons |
| Intensity ($I$) | Number of electrons emitted (photocurrent) | $K_{\text{max}}$ of electrons |
Typical Section B Problem Structure (Past Year Pattern)
- Part (a): Calculate photon energy given $\lambda$ or $f$.
- Part (b): Find $K_{\text{max}}$ given $\phi$ and photon energy.
- Part (c): Calculate stopping potential $V_s$.
- Part (d): Find $v_{\text{max}}$ of ejected electrons.
- Part (e): Determine threshold frequency / cutoff wavelength.
- Part (f): Explain effect of changing intensity / frequency.
8. Nuclear Physics
Leak keywords: Formulas given, exam like past years
Formulas are reportedly provided in the exam — focus on applying them correctly. Practice with past year questions.
Key Constants Provided
| Constant | Value |
|---|---|
| Speed of light $c$ | $3.00 \times 10^{8}\ \text{m/s}$ |
| $1\ \text{u}$ | $1.66 \times 10^{-27}\ \text{kg}$ |
| $1\ \text{u} = 931.5\ \text{MeV}/c^{2}$ | Energy equivalent |
| Proton mass $m_p$ | $1.00728\ \text{u}$ |
| Neutron mass $m_n$ | $1.00867\ \text{u}$ |
| Electron mass $m_e$ | $0.000549\ \text{u}$ |
| Avogadro's number $N_A$ | $6.022 \times 10^{23}\ \text{mol}^{-1}$ |
Mass Defect & Binding Energy
| Quantity | Formula |
|---|---|
| Mass defect | $$\Delta m = Zm_{p} + Nm_{n} - m_{\text{nucleus}}$$ |
| Binding energy | $$E_{B} = \Delta m \cdot c^{2} = \Delta m \times 931.5\ \text{MeV}$$ |
| Binding energy per nucleon | $$\frac{E_{B}}{A}$$ |
| Mass-energy equivalence | $$E = mc^{2}$$ |
Radioactive Decay
| Quantity | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Decay law (differential) | $$\frac{dN}{dt} = -\lambda N$$ | $\lambda$ = decay constant |
| Exponential decay | $$N(t) = N_{0}e^{-\lambda t}$$ | |
| Activity | $$A(t) = \lambda N(t) = A_{0}e^{-\lambda t}$$ | Unit: Bq ($\text{s}^{-1}$) |
| Half-life | $$T_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda} = \frac{0.693}{\lambda}$$ | |
| Decay constant | $$\lambda = \frac{0.693}{T_{1/2}}$$ | |
| Fraction remaining | $$\frac{N(t)}{N_{0}} = \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{t/T_{1/2}}$$ |
Nuclear Reactions & Q-Value
| Quantity | Formula |
|---|---|
| Mass difference | $$\Delta m = \sum m_{\text{before}} - \sum m_{\text{after}}$$ |
| Q-value (reaction energy) | $$Q = \Delta m \cdot c^{2} = \Delta m \times 931.5\ \text{MeV}$$ |
| Exothermic | $Q > 0$ (energy released) |
| Endothermic | $Q < 0$ (energy absorbed) |
Types of Radioactive Decay
| Decay | Emitted Particle | $Z$ change | $A$ change | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha ($\alpha$) | $^{4}_{2}\text{He}$ | $-2$ | $-4$ | Nucleus too heavy |
| Beta-minus ($\beta^{-}$) | $^{0}_{-1}e$ | $+1$ | $0$ | Too many neutrons |
| Beta-plus ($\beta^{+}$) | $^{0}_{+1}e$ | $-1$ | $0$ | Too many protons |
| Gamma ($\gamma$) | Photon | $0$ | $0$ | Excited nucleus |
Likely problem type: Calculate binding energy of a nucleus. Find remaining activity after $t$ years. Determine Q-value of a nuclear reaction. Carbon dating problem.
Section A Topics — Quick Fire
The leak indicates Section A covers these topics. Key facts to memorise:
Electrostatics (Section A)
- $F \propto 1/r^{2}$ (inverse square law)
- Like charges repel, opposite attract
- $\vec{E}$ direction: away from $+$, towards $-$
- Field lines never cross
- Neutral point: $\vec{E}_{\text{net}} = 0$
Capacitors (Section A)
- $C \propto A/d$ (area/distance)
- Dielectric increases $C$ by factor $\kappa$
- Energy stored: $U = \frac{1}{2}CV^{2}$
- RC time constant $\tau = RC$
AC / Phase (Section A)
- $\omega = 2\pi f$
- $V_{\text{rms}} = V_{0}/\sqrt{2}$
- CIVIL mnemonic
- $\text{PF} = \cos\phi = R/Z$
- Unity PF at resonance
Resonance (Section A)
- $X_{L} = X_{C}$ at resonance
- $f_{0} = 1/(2\pi\sqrt{LC})$
- At resonance: $Z = R$ (minimum), $I$ maximum, $\text{PF} = 1$
Power Factor (Section A)
- $\text{PF} = \cos\phi = P_{e}/P_{A} = R/Z$
- Lagging PF = inductive circuit ($\phi > 0$)
- Leading PF = capacitive circuit ($\phi < 0$)
- PF correction: add capacitors to reduce lag
Resistance (Section A)
- Series: $R_{\text{eq}} = R_{1} + R_{2} + \dots$
- Parallel: $\frac{1}{R_{\text{eq}}} = \frac{1}{R_{1}} + \frac{1}{R_{2}} + \dots$
- $P = I^{2}R = V^{2}/R = VI$
Quick Reference Table
| # | Topic | Key Focus | Core Formula / Concept |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Electrostatics | Vector approach, projectile in E-field | $\vec{F} = q\vec{E}$, $\vec{F} = kq_1q_2/r^2 \hat{r}$, $a_y = qE/m$ |
| 2 | Capacitors & DC | Capacitance, dielectric, RC circuits | $C = \kappa\varepsilon_0A/d$, $\tau = RC$, $U = \frac{1}{2}CV^2$ |
| 3 | AC Analysis | Phase diagrams, power types | $\phi = \tan^{-1}((X_L-X_C)/R)$, $P_e = VI\cos\phi$, $P_{LC} = VI\sin\phi$, $P_{CC} = VI\sin\phi$ |
| 4 | RLC & Resonance | Resonance condition | $\omega_0 = 1/\sqrt{LC}$, at resonance: $Z = R$, PF = 1 |
| 5 | Magnetism | Lorentz force, charge motion in B-field | $\vec{F} = q\vec{v}\times\vec{B}$, $r = mv/qB$, $v = E/B$ |
| 6 | Transistors | Fixed bias, emitter-stabilized bias | $I_E = I_B + I_C$, $I_B = (V_{CC}-V_{BE})/(R_B+(\beta+1)R_E)$ |
| 7 | Photoelectric | Section B long question | $K_{\text{max}} = hf - \phi$, $eV_s = K_{\text{max}}$ |
| 8 | Nuclear Physics | Formulas given, past year pattern | $N(t) = N_0e^{-\lambda t}$, $T_{1/2} = 0.693/\lambda$, $E_B = \Delta m \times 931.5\ \text{MeV}$ |
Past Year Questions (Buat Past Years)
The leak says: "Buat past years", "study from this" — past year questions are the single most important resource.
How to Use Past Years
- Do them timed — simulate exam conditions.
- Mark your answers — identify weak areas.
- Revise the weak topic using this guide, then re-attempt.
- Repeat until you can solve every past year question confidently.
Key Past Year Topics to Cover
- [ ] Electrostatics: Coulomb's law vector problem + projectile deflection
- [ ] Capacitors: Dielectric insertion (battery on/off cases)
- [ ] RC Circuit: Charging/discharging graph + time constant
- [ ] AC: Phasor diagram drawing + power calculation ($P_e$, $P_{LC}$, $P_{CC}$)
- [ ] RLC: Resonance frequency calculation + power factor
- [ ] Magnetism: Circular motion radius + velocity selector
- [ ] Transistors: Fixed bias Q-point calculation
- [ ] Photoelectric: Multi-part Section B problem
- [ ] Nuclear: Binding energy + decay calculation
Study Strategy (From Leak)
- Start with past year questions — the leak emphasises this repeatedly.
- For each past year question, identify which of the 8 topics above it tests.
- Review the formula from this page and the MASTER — FAD1022 Complete Formula Sheet.
- Re-attempt the question without looking at the solution.
- For Section B (especially #7. Photoelectric Effect (Section B)): practise the full structured response — show all steps, units, and reasoning.
Related Resources
- Electrostatics
- Capacitors & Dielectrics
- AC Circuits
- Magnetism
- Inductance & Transformers
- Semiconductors & Diodes
- Transistors & Biasing
- Photoelectric Effect
- Atomic Physics
- Nuclear Physics
- FAD1022 - Basic Physics II
- FAD1022 Mastery Set — Interleaved Physics II
- MASTER — FAD1022 Complete Formula Sheet
#revision #exam-focus #leak-topics #fad1022 #physics